Schipperke
Breed Description

The Schipperke is known by several other names including Spitzke, Spits, Spitske, and Little Black Devil (LBD). In Belgium, they are often called "Schip" for short. The name Schipperke translates to "little boatman" or "little captain" in Flemish, though some sources suggest it means "little shepherd." These dogs are also referred to as Belgian Barge Dogs or Canal Boat Dogs due to their historical role on Belgian barges and canal boats.

The Schipperke stands as one of the most distinctive small breeds, immediately recognizable by their solid black coat, fox-like face, and unique silhouette. This compact canine presents a square profile when viewed from the side, with a body that displays remarkable balance and proportion despite its diminutive stature. Their alert expression and confident carriage suggest a dog of much larger size, embodying the spirit of a guardian in a small package.

The breed's most striking feature is undoubtedly their coat pattern, which creates a distinctive outline often described as resembling a small black fox or even a miniature bear. The coat stands off from the body, particularly pronounced around the neck area where it forms a distinctive ruff, giving the appearance of a cape draped over their shoulders. This natural coat formation, combined with their tailless or naturally bobbed tail appearance, creates a silhouette unlike any other breed.

Their head presents a refined wedge shape, neither too broad nor too narrow, with a moderate stop and a well-defined muzzle that tapers elegantly toward the nose. The eyes, small and oval-shaped, sparkle with intelligence and mischief, typically dark brown to black in color, perfectly complementing their ebony coat. Their small, triangular ears stand perfectly erect, set high on the head and extremely mobile, constantly moving to catch every sound in their environment.

The Schipperke's body construction reflects their working heritage. They possess a level topline, a deep chest that extends to the elbows, and well-sprung ribs that provide ample lung capacity for their active lifestyle. Their forequarters display straight, fine-boned legs with small, round, cat-like feet. The hindquarters, though appearing lighter than the forequarters due to the absence of the thick ruff, are well-muscled and provide the driving power for their characteristic quick, darting movements.

American Kennel Club (AKC)

General Appearance: The Schipperke is an agile, active watchdog and hunter of vermin. In appearance he is a small, thickset, cobby, black, tailless dog, with a fox-like face. The dog is square in profile and possesses a distinctive coat, which includes a stand-out ruff, cape and culottes. All of these create a unique silhouette, appearing to slope from shoulders to croup. Males are decidedly masculine without coarseness. Bitches are decidedly feminine without over-refinement. Size, Proportion, Substance: Size - The suggested height at the highest point of the withers is 11-13 inches for males and 10-12 inches for bitches. Quality should always take precedence over size. Proportion - Square in profile. Substance - Thickset.

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

The Schipperke is a small shepherd dog, but with a big temperament. His compact and muscular body, along with the characteristic coat pattern, gives the breed a unique silhouette. The natural taillessness or natural bobtail completes this special outline. The FCI standard emphasizes the breed's lupoid characteristics, comparing their build and proportions to those of the Belgian Shepherd Dog in miniature. The ideal weight ranges from 3-9 kg (6.6-20 lbs). The breed should exhibit a harmonious construction with moderate bone, combining elegance with substance. The expression should be sharp, questioning, and alert, showing the characteristic mischievous nature of the breed.

United Kennel Club (UKC)

The Schipperke is a small, solid, active dog that appears larger than its actual size due to its heavy coat. The breed is tailless or has a natural bobtail. The overall appearance should be that of a well-balanced, short-coupled dog with a distinctive coat that includes a ruff, cape, jabot, and culottes. The UKC standard emphasizes the working nature of the breed, noting their excellence as watchdogs and their ability to hunt small vermin. The standard calls for a confident, alert temperament without signs of nervousness or aggression. Size ranges from 10-13 inches at the withers.

Other Organizations

The Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) and The Kennel Club (UK) standards closely mirror the FCI standard, with minor variations in wording and emphasis. Both standards stress the importance of the breed's unique outline, created by the graduated lengths of coat from the short hair on the face to the longer ruff, cape, and culottes. The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) standard additionally emphasizes the breed's adaptability and hardy constitution, noting their suitability for various climates despite their Belgian origins.

The Schipperke's origins trace back several centuries to the Flemish provinces of Belgium, where these small black dogs emerged from the same ancestral stock that produced the Belgian Shepherd breeds. Historical evidence suggests that the breed's development began in the medieval period, with the earliest written references dating to the 15th century. Monks at Belgian monasteries reportedly kept these dogs, valuing them for their ratting abilities and watchdog qualities.

By the 17th century, the breed had become particularly associated with the canal boat workers and barge captains of Brussels and Antwerp. These maritime workers prized the Schipperke for their ability to guard the barges, control vermin, and serve as loyal companions during long journeys along Belgium's extensive canal system. The dogs earned their keep by protecting valuable cargo from thieves and keeping the boats free from rats that could damage goods and spread disease.

A fascinating aspect of Schipperke history involves the guild workers of Brussels, particularly the shoemakers and other craftsmen, who organized what may have been the world's first specialty dog show in 1690. These exhibitions, held in the Grand Place of Brussels, featured Schipperkes wearing elaborate brass collars crafted by their owners. The competitions judged not only the dogs themselves but also the artistry of their decorative collars, which often displayed intricate designs reflecting their owners' trades.

The breed's name itself carries historical significance. While commonly translated as "little captain" or "little boatman," linguistic scholars suggest the name may derive from "shapocke," an old Flemish word for shepherd, indicating the breed's possible origins as a small herding dog. This theory gains credence from the breed's clear relationship to the Belgian Shepherds, particularly the Groenendael, with whom they share many physical and temperamental characteristics.

The transformation from working-class companion to fashionable pet began in 1885 when Queen Marie Henriette of Belgium acquired a Schipperke. Royal patronage immediately elevated the breed's status, sparking interest among the Belgian nobility and upper classes. This royal endorsement coincided with the formation of the first Schipperke breed club in 1888, which established the first written standard and began maintaining breeding records.

The breed's introduction to England occurred in 1887, where they quickly gained popularity among dog enthusiasts. The first Schipperkes arrived in America around the same time, with the American Kennel Club recognizing the breed in 1904. Early American fanciers imported quality breeding stock from Belgium, establishing foundation lines that would influence the breed's development in North America for generations.

World War I and II significantly impacted the breed's population in Belgium, with many dogs lost or displaced during the conflicts. Dedicated breeders worked to preserve bloodlines, sometimes hiding valuable breeding animals from occupying forces. The post-war period saw renewed international interest in the breed, with breeding programs established in countries worldwide.

Throughout the 20th century, the Schipperke transitioned primarily from a working dog to a companion animal, though many retained their strong working instincts. Breed clubs worldwide have worked to preserve the breed's unique characteristics while adapting to modern living conditions. Today's Schipperke remains remarkably similar to their ancestors, testament to careful breeding practices and dedication to maintaining breed type.

The Schipperke's primary historical function centered on their role as guardians and pest controllers on Belgian canal barges and in urban workshops. These versatile dogs performed multiple essential tasks that made them invaluable to their working-class owners. On the canal boats, they served as mobile alarm systems, alerting bargemen to approaching vessels, potential thieves, or any unusual activity along the waterways. Their sharp bark and fearless nature deterred would-be criminals despite their small size.

As ratters, Schipperkes excelled beyond most breeds of similar size. Their quick reflexes, strong prey drive, and tenacious temperament made them formidable opponents for rats, mice, and other vermin that threatened stored goods. Unlike terriers that were bred specifically for going to ground, Schipperkes developed their hunting style to suit the confined spaces of boats and urban buildings, using speed and agility rather than digging ability.

In modern times, the Schipperke has successfully adapted to various contemporary roles while maintaining their traditional working abilities. Many serve as therapy dogs, their portable size and engaging personality making them ideal for visiting hospitals, nursing homes, and schools. Their natural alertness translates well to medical alert work, with some individuals trained to detect seizures, blood sugar changes, or other medical conditions.

The breed excels in competitive dog sports, particularly those requiring agility, intelligence, and trainability. Schipperkes regularly compete in agility trials, where their quick movements and enthusiasm for obstacles shine. They also perform well in obedience competitions, though their independent nature requires handlers who understand how to motivate them effectively. Rally obedience, which combines elements of traditional obedience with a more relaxed atmosphere, particularly suits the breed's working style.

As companion animals, Schipperkes fulfill the important function of family watchdog and loyal friend. Their alertness makes them excellent doorbell dogs, announcing visitors long before they reach the door. This watchdog instinct, combined with their devotion to family members, creates a dog that provides both security and companionship. They particularly excel in households that appreciate an active, intelligent pet that maintains some independence while remaining deeply bonded to their family.

In rural and suburban settings, many Schipperkes continue their traditional role as vermin controllers. Their effectiveness at keeping properties free from rodents and other small pests makes them valuable additions to farms, stables, and homes with pest problems. Unlike chemical pest control methods, Schipperkes provide an environmentally friendly solution that also offers companionship and entertainment.

The Schipperke exhibits a complex behavioral profile that combines high intelligence with notable independence, creating a personality that both charms and challenges their owners. Their behavior patterns reflect centuries of breeding for autonomous work on canal boats, where they needed to make quick decisions without constant human direction. This independence manifests as a dog that thinks before acting, evaluates situations carefully, and sometimes chooses their own course of action rather than automatically complying with commands.

Their curiosity drives much of their daily behavior, leading them to investigate every new sight, sound, or smell in their environment. This inquisitive nature can manifest as what owners often describe as mischievous behavior - opening cabinets, investigating bags, or finding creative ways to access forbidden areas. Their intelligence allows them to quickly learn how to manipulate their environment, from opening doors to figuring out puzzle feeders in record time.

Territorially, Schipperkes display strong guarding instincts without excessive aggression. They establish clear boundaries around their home and family, patrolling these perimeters with dedication. Visitors typically receive vocal announcements of their presence, followed by careful observation until the Schipperke determines whether the newcomer poses a threat. Once satisfied, they may warm up to strangers, though they rarely show the immediate friendliness seen in some breeds.

The breed's energy levels fluctuate between periods of intense activity and calm watchfulness. During active periods, they display remarkable stamina for their size, engaging in play, exploration, or work with sustained enthusiasm. These bursts of energy require appropriate outlets to prevent the development of destructive behaviors. When their exercise needs are met, Schipperkes can settle into quiet observation mode, positioning themselves where they can monitor household activities.

Communication forms a significant part of Schipperke behavior, with the breed using various vocalizations to express themselves. Beyond simple barking, they employ an array of sounds including yips, growls, and what many owners describe as "talking" - a range of vocalizations used to communicate different needs or emotions. This vocal nature requires early training to establish appropriate barking boundaries, particularly in close-quarters living situations.

Social behavior with other dogs typically reflects confidence rather than aggression. Schipperkes often display what might be called "big dog syndrome," approaching larger dogs with fearless confidence. They generally interact well with other pets when properly socialized, though their prey drive may trigger chasing behaviors with small, fast-moving animals. Early socialization proves crucial in developing appropriate social skills and preventing the development of reactive behaviors.

Their relationship with their primary caretaker often borders on obsessive devotion. While independent in many ways, Schipperkes form intense bonds with their chosen person, following them from room to room and seeking to participate in all activities. This devotion can lead to separation anxiety if not properly managed through gradual conditioning to alone time and the establishment of confident independence.

Problem-solving abilities feature prominently in Schipperke behavior, with the breed showing remarkable creativity in overcoming obstacles or achieving desired outcomes. This intelligence requires mental stimulation through training, puzzle toys, and varied activities to prevent boredom-induced behavioral problems. Without adequate mental engagement, they may create their own entertainment, often at the expense of household items or garden landscaping.

Within the family unit, Schipperkes establish themselves as full participants rather than mere pets, integrating deeply into household routines and dynamics. Their approach to family life reflects their historical role as working partners rather than ornamental companions. They thrive in families that include them in daily activities and appreciate their desire to contribute to household management through their natural watchdog abilities.

The breed typically develops a hierarchical understanding of family relationships, often selecting one person as their primary attachment while maintaining affectionate relationships with other family members. This primary bond usually forms with whoever provides the most interaction, training, and care. Children in the family receive protection and companionship, though the Schipperke expects respect in return and may not tolerate rough handling or teasing.

With children, Schipperkes generally display patience and playfulness when the relationship is properly established. They work best with children who understand how to interact appropriately with dogs, respecting the animal's space and signals. The breed's energy level matches well with active children who enjoy outdoor play and activities. However, their herding heritage may manifest as nipping at running children's heels, a behavior that requires early intervention and training to redirect.

Multi-pet households present unique dynamics for the Schipperke. They typically accept other pets as part of their pack when raised together or properly introduced. Their position in the pet hierarchy often exceeds what their size might suggest, with many Schipperkes establishing themselves as household supervisors regardless of the size of other pets. Cats may receive chase invitations initially, but most Schipperkes learn to coexist peacefully with feline family members.

The breed's integration into family routines happens naturally, with Schipperkes quickly learning household schedules and expectations. They anticipate regular events like meal times, walks, and the return of family members from work or school. This predictability in routine provides them with security and structure, though they adapt well to changes when properly prepared. Their alertness means they often serve as the family's early warning system, announcing everything from approaching storms to delivery trucks.

During family activities, Schipperkes prefer inclusion over observation. Whether the family is watching television, preparing meals, or engaging in hobbies, these dogs want to participate or at least supervise. Their portable size makes them easy to include in most activities, from car trips to outdoor adventures. This desire for inclusion extends to family celebrations and gatherings, where they often position themselves centrally to monitor all activities.

Conflict resolution within the family may involve the Schipperke taking sides or attempting to mediate. Their sensitivity to household tensions means they often react to disagreements between family members, sometimes by seeking to comfort upset individuals or by displaying anxiety themselves. Creating a stable, harmonious household environment helps maintain the breed's emotional equilibrium and prevents the development of stress-related behaviors.

The Schipperke's role as family protector extends beyond simple watchdog duties. They develop an intuitive understanding of family members' emotional states, often providing comfort during illness or distress. Their size allows them to be effective lap dogs when comfort is needed, while their playful nature can help lift spirits during difficult times. This emotional intelligence makes them particularly valuable in families dealing with stress or challenges.

The Schipperke generally enjoys robust health and longevity, with many individuals living well into their teens when provided with appropriate care. Their development from working stock has contributed to a hardy constitution, though like all breeds, they face certain hereditary health concerns that potential owners should understand. The breed's overall health profile benefits from centuries of natural selection for functionality rather than extreme physical features, resulting in a structurally sound dog with fewer breed-specific problems than many other purebreds.

Regular veterinary care forms the foundation of maintaining Schipperke health. Annual examinations should include comprehensive physical assessments, dental evaluations, and appropriate vaccinations. As the breed ages, bi-annual check-ups become advisable to catch age-related conditions early. Blood work panels help establish baseline values and detect subtle changes that might indicate developing problems. The breed's stoic nature means they may not show obvious signs of illness until conditions become advanced, making regular professional evaluation crucial.

Dental health requires particular attention in Schipperkes, as their small mouths can lead to overcrowding and accelerated tartar buildup. Regular tooth brushing, beginning in puppyhood, helps prevent periodontal disease that can affect overall health. Professional dental cleanings under anesthesia may be necessary periodically, with frequency depending on individual dogs' dental conformation and home care effectiveness. Providing appropriate chew toys and dental treats supplements brushing but cannot replace regular dental hygiene practices.

Weight management plays a crucial role in Schipperke health maintenance. Their efficient metabolism and food-motivated nature can lead to obesity if portions aren't carefully controlled. Excess weight stresses joints, compromises cardiac function, and may exacerbate other health conditions. Regular weight monitoring and adjustment of food portions based on activity level, age, and body condition help maintain optimal weight throughout life stages.

Exercise requirements for health maintenance include both physical and mental stimulation. Daily walks provide cardiovascular benefits and muscle maintenance, while play sessions offer higher-intensity exercise that maintains agility and coordination. Mental exercise through training, puzzle toys, and new experiences helps prevent cognitive decline and maintains the breed's sharp intelligence. The combination of physical and mental activity contributes to overall health and longevity.

Grooming contributes to health monitoring and maintenance. Regular brushing not only manages shedding but allows owners to detect skin abnormalities, lumps, or parasites early. Nail trimming prevents orthopedic problems caused by overgrown nails altering gait. Ear cleaning reduces infection risk, particularly important given the breed's erect ears that can trap debris. These grooming sessions provide opportunities for hands-on health assessment that complement veterinary care.

Preventive care strategies specific to Schipperkes should address their unique health vulnerabilities while supporting their active lifestyle. Genetic testing before breeding helps reduce the incidence of hereditary conditions in future generations. Early socialization and training prevent behavioral problems that could lead to injury or stress-related health issues. Environmental management, including secure fencing and supervision, prevents accidents related to the breed's curious and fearless nature.

Senior Schipperkes require adjusted health management strategies. Regular monitoring for age-related conditions such as cardiac disease, kidney dysfunction, and cognitive decline becomes increasingly important. Dietary modifications may include senior formulations with adjusted protein and phosphorus levels. Exercise routines should maintain fitness while accommodating any mobility limitations. Pain management for arthritis or other conditions helps maintain quality of life in aging dogs.

If you're looking to adopt a Schip, consider contacting these breed-specific rescue organizations:

Due to the changing nature of rescue organizations, please verify website functionality before contacting.

"Don't Shop... Please Adopt" - There are many wonderful Schips waiting for their forever homes.