Chou
Breed Description

The Chou breed is known by several alternative names throughout different regions and cultures. In its homeland of China, this ancient breed has been called the Songshi Quan, which translates to "puffy-lion dog" in reference to its magnificent coat and regal bearing. Some historical texts also refer to the breed as the Tang Quan, named after the Tang Dynasty period when these dogs gained particular prominence among Chinese nobility.

In Western countries, variations of the name include simply "Chou Dog" or the more formal "Chou Breed." Some enthusiasts and breeders may refer to them using traditional Chinese terminology, honoring the breed's ancient heritage. Regional dialects in China have produced additional names, though Chou remains the most widely recognized designation for this distinctive spitz-type companion dog.

The breed's unique blue-black tongue has also inspired nicknames, with some calling them "blue-tongue dogs" or "lion dogs," though these terms are more descriptive than official breed names. Regardless of the name used, this breed's distinctive appearance and personality make it instantly recognizable to dog enthusiasts worldwide.

The Chou is a distinctive and ancient breed that commands attention wherever it goes. This medium to large-sized dog possesses a unique combination of regal bearing, dense double coat, and an unmistakable blue-black tongue that sets it apart from all other breeds. Originally developed in northern China over 2,000 years ago, the Chou represents one of the world's oldest recognized dog breeds and maintains many primitive characteristics that connect it closely to its wild ancestors.

Standing 17 to 20 inches at the shoulder and weighing between 45 to 70 pounds, the Chou presents a compact, well-balanced silhouette that suggests both strength and agility. The breed's most striking feature is its abundant double coat, which forms a distinctive ruff around the neck and shoulders, giving the dog its characteristic lion-like appearance. This weather-resistant coat comes in several beautiful colors including red, black, blue, cinnamon, and cream, with each color displaying its own unique depth and richness.

The Chou's head is broad and skull-like, with a short, well-developed muzzle that houses the breed's famous blue-black tongue. The eyes are small, deep-set, and almond-shaped, giving the dog an expression of dignity and aloofness. The ears are small, thick, and triangular, carried erect and slightly forward. The breed's tail is distinctive, being set high and carried over the back in a graceful curve, heavily feathered with the same dense coat that covers the body.

What truly distinguishes the Chou from other breeds is its unique gait and movement. The breed moves with a stilted, straight-legged action that is both distinctive and purposeful. This unusual gait results from the breed's unique rear leg angulation, which is much straighter than found in most other dogs. This structural characteristic, combined with the breed's independent temperament, creates a dog that moves with an air of confidence and self-assurance.

American Kennel Club (AKC)

The AKC standard for the Chou emphasizes the breed's unique characteristics and ancient heritage. The standard calls for a compact, well-balanced dog with a distinctive blue-black tongue and stilted gait. Males should stand 19-20 inches at the shoulder, while females should measure 18-19 inches. The coat should be abundant, dense, and straight, standing well off the body. The standard specifies that the breed should move with a short, stilted gait that is unique among dog breeds. The expression should be essentially scowling, dignified, lordly, discerning, and sober. Colors recognized include red, black, blue, cinnamon, and cream, with clear colors preferred. The standard emphasizes the breed's aloofness and independence as essential temperament characteristics.

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

The FCI standard recognizes the Chou as an ancient Asian breed and provides detailed specifications for the breed's structure and temperament. According to FCI guidelines, the breed should exhibit a compact body with well-developed musculature and a characteristic rolling gait. The head should be large in proportion to the body, with a broad, flat skull and short muzzle. The famous blue-black tongue must be present, and the small, triangular ears should be carried erect. The double coat should provide excellent protection from weather elements, with the outer coat being coarse and standing away from the body. The FCI standard places particular emphasis on the breed's calm, loyal, and independent nature, noting that while reserved with strangers, the Chou should never be aggressive without provocation.

United Kennel Club (UKC)

The UKC standard for the Chou describes a powerful, sturdy, and well-balanced dog that embodies dignity and aloofness. The standard emphasizes the breed's unique physical characteristics, including the blue-black tongue, stilted gait, and abundant double coat. The UKC recognizes the same color varieties as other major registries and places strong emphasis on proper temperament. The standard describes the ideal Chou as independent, loyal to family, and somewhat aloof with strangers. The gait is described as unique among all dog breeds, with short, stilted steps that create a distinctive rolling motion. The standard notes that while the breed can be stubborn, it should be amenable to training with consistent, patient methods.

Other Organizations

Various other canine organizations worldwide recognize the Chou with standards that generally align with the major registries. The Canadian Kennel Club maintains a standard very similar to the AKC, emphasizing the breed's ancient characteristics and unique physical features. The Kennel Club of Great Britain provides detailed specifications for the breed's coat, color, and temperament. Asian kennel clubs, particularly those in countries near the breed's origin, often include additional historical context and may place varying emphasis on traditional color preferences. Most standards agree on the essential characteristics: the blue-black tongue, dense double coat, compact build, stilted gait, and independent temperament that defines this ancient breed.

The Chou stands as one of the most ancient dog breeds in existence, with a history that stretches back over 2,000 years into the mists of Chinese antiquity. Archaeological evidence and ancient Chinese art suggest that dogs very similar to the modern Chou existed during the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), and possibly even earlier. Ancient Chinese pottery, sculptures, and paintings frequently depicted dogs with the characteristic appearance of the Chou, including the distinctive coat pattern, compact build, and proud carriage that defines the breed today.

During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), the Chou reached the height of its popularity among Chinese nobility and the imperial court. Historical records indicate that these dogs were highly prized not only as companions but also as symbols of status and prestige. The breed's name, which translates roughly to "puffy lion dog," reflects the high regard in which these animals were held. Chinese emperors kept large kennels of these dogs, and they were often given as diplomatic gifts to foreign dignitaries, though such gifts were rare and considered great honors.

The breed served multiple functions in ancient Chinese society. While primarily kept as companions and guardians by the wealthy, Chou dogs also worked as temple guardians, protecting Buddhist and Taoist temples from evil spirits according to religious beliefs of the time. Their imposing presence and natural alertness made them excellent guardians, while their thick coats provided protection in the harsh northern Chinese climate. Some historical accounts suggest that the breed was also used for hunting in certain regions, though this was likely a secondary function.

The first recorded appearance of Chou dogs outside of Asia occurred in the late 18th century when European traders and explorers began returning from China with these exotic animals. The breed created quite a sensation in England and other European countries, where their unique appearance and dignified demeanor quickly captured the attention of dog enthusiasts. The first Chou dogs arrived in Britain around 1780, brought back by merchants involved in the Chinese tea trade.

The modern development of the Chou as a recognized breed began in earnest during the Victorian era. Lady Granville Gordon and other British dog enthusiasts established the first organized breeding programs outside of China in the 1880s. These early breeders worked to maintain the breed's distinctive characteristics while adapting breeding practices to Western standards. The first breed club was formed in England in 1895, establishing the foundation for modern breed development and standardization.

The breed's introduction to North America occurred in the early 1900s, with the first recorded imports arriving around 1903. American dog fanciers were immediately taken with the breed's unique appearance and independent personality. The American Kennel Club officially recognized the breed in 1903, and the Chou Club of America was formed in 1906 to promote responsible breeding and preserve the breed's ancient characteristics.

Throughout the 20th century, the Chou faced various challenges that threatened its survival and genetic diversity. The Chinese Civil War and subsequent political upheavals in China severely disrupted traditional breeding programs in the breed's homeland. Many of the ancient bloodlines were lost during this period, making the preservation efforts of Western breeders even more crucial to the breed's survival. World War II also impacted breeding programs worldwide, as resources were diverted to the war effort and many kennels were forced to reduce their breeding activities.

The post-war period brought renewed interest in the breed, and careful breeding programs helped restore genetic diversity and maintain breed type. Modern DNA analysis has confirmed the Chou's status as one of the most ancient dog breeds, sharing genetic markers with other primitive breeds and showing clear connections to early domestic dogs. This scientific validation has enhanced appreciation for the breed's historical significance and the importance of preserving its unique characteristics for future generations.

The Chou's original functions in ancient China were as diverse as they were important to the societies that developed and maintained the breed. Primarily, these dogs served as companions and guardians for Chinese nobility and wealthy merchants. Their imposing presence, natural alertness, and loyalty made them ideal protectors of both property and people. Unlike many other guardian breeds, the Chou was never bred primarily for aggression but rather for discernment and the ability to distinguish between friend and foe.

In their role as temple guardians, Chou dogs held particular significance in Chinese religious and cultural practices. Buddhist and Taoist temples frequently kept pairs of these dogs, believing that their presence would ward off evil spirits and protect sacred spaces. This spiritual function elevated the breed beyond mere working dogs to creatures with mystical significance. The breed's distinctive appearance, particularly the blue-black tongue, was often associated with supernatural powers in Chinese folklore.

The hunting function of the Chou, while less documented than their guardian roles, appears to have been significant in certain regions of northern China. Historical accounts suggest that these dogs were used to hunt wild boar, bears, and other large game in the mountainous regions where their thick coats provided protection from harsh weather conditions. Their independent nature and strong prey drive made them capable hunters, though they worked alongside human hunters rather than in packs like some other hunting breeds.

Perhaps one of the most unique historical functions of the Chou was their role in Chinese cuisine and fur trade, though this aspect of their history is often overlooked in modern discussions of the breed. Historical records indicate that in some regions and time periods, these dogs were raised not only as companions but also as a source of meat and fur. Their thick, warm coats were particularly valuable in northern regions, and their meat was considered a delicacy in certain cultural contexts. This utilitarian aspect of the breed's history helps explain their robust constitution and adaptability to harsh conditions.

In the modern era, the Chou's function has evolved to focus primarily on companionship, though many of their ancient instincts remain strong. Today's Chou dogs excel as family guardians, maintaining their natural wariness of strangers while developing deep bonds with their human families. Their protective instincts make them excellent watchdogs, alerting families to potential threats while using good judgment about when intervention is necessary.

The breed's calm, dignified temperament has made it well-suited for therapy work in some contexts, particularly with older adults who appreciate the breed's less demanding nature compared to more energetic breeds. Some Chou dogs have been successfully trained as therapy animals for nursing homes and assisted living facilities, where their calm presence and soft coat provide comfort to residents.

Modern Chou dogs also participate in various dog sports and activities, though their independent nature means they approach these activities differently than more traditionally obedient breeds. They can excel in obedience and rally competitions when properly motivated, and their natural grace makes them attractive participants in conformation shows. Some owners have found success with their Chou dogs in activities like agility and tracking, though the breed's independent streak means that participation in these activities requires patience and understanding of the breed's unique personality.

The breed's weather-resistant coat and moderate exercise needs make them excellent companions for people living in various climates and housing situations. Their adaptability to apartment living, combined with their moderate grooming needs, has made them popular with urban dog owners who appreciate a breed that doesn't require extensive daily exercise but still provides the security and companionship of a larger dog.

The Chou's behavior is characterized by a unique blend of independence, loyalty, and dignity that sets it apart from most other dog breeds. This ancient breed exhibits many primitive behaviors that reflect its long history and original functions. Understanding these behavioral traits is essential for anyone considering sharing their life with a Chou, as the breed requires owners who appreciate and respect their independent nature rather than expecting blind obedience.

Independence is perhaps the most defining behavioral characteristic of the Chou. Unlike breeds that were developed to work closely with humans and take constant direction, the Chou was bred to make decisions independently while still remaining loyal to their human family. This means that Chou dogs often appear aloof or stubborn when they are simply thinking through a situation and deciding on the best course of action. They are intelligent problem-solvers who prefer to assess situations thoroughly before acting.

The breed's territorial behavior is deeply ingrained and manifests in various ways throughout their daily lives. Chou dogs typically establish clear boundaries around their home and family, becoming naturally protective of these spaces without being taught to do so. They are excellent judges of character and often seem to sense potential threats long before their human companions notice anything unusual. This protective instinct is expressed through alert posture, watchful observation, and strategic positioning rather than overt aggression.

Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping Chou behavior, particularly during puppyhood. Without proper early socialization, the breed's natural reserve with strangers can develop into fearfulness or inappropriate suspicion. Well-socialized Chou dogs learn to distinguish between normal social situations and genuine threats, allowing them to remain calm and dignified in most circumstances while still maintaining their protective instincts when needed.

The breed's communication style is subtle compared to more expressive breeds. Chou dogs rarely engage in excessive barking or dramatic displays of emotion. Instead, they communicate through body language, positioning, and quiet vocalizations. Owners learn to read their Chou's moods and intentions through subtle cues like ear position, tail carriage, and the intensity of their gaze. This understated communication style reflects the breed's dignified nature and ancient heritage.

Exercise and mental stimulation needs for the Chou are moderate but consistent. While they don't require the intensive daily exercise that some breeds need, they do benefit from regular walks, mental challenges, and opportunities to survey their territory. Many Chou dogs enjoy patrolling their yard or home, checking for changes or potential threats. This behavior serves both their need for mental stimulation and their natural guardian instincts.

The breed's relationship with children requires careful consideration and proper introduction. Chou dogs can form strong bonds with children who treat them with respect and understand their need for personal space. However, they may not tolerate rough play, teasing, or the unpredictable behavior of very young children. They work best with older children who can appreciate the dog's dignity and respond appropriately to the animal's communication signals.

Interactions with other dogs can be complex, as Chou dogs often prefer to be the only dog in the household. When properly socialized, they can coexist peacefully with other dogs, but they may establish clear hierarchies and expect other animals to respect their space and possessions. Early socialization with other dogs is essential to prevent territorial disputes and ensure peaceful coexistence in multi-pet households.

The breed's response to training reflects their independent nature and intelligence. Chou dogs are capable learners who can master complex commands and behaviors, but they prefer to understand the purpose behind requests rather than simply following orders. Positive reinforcement methods work best, particularly when combined with consistency and patience. Harsh training methods are typically counterproductive and can damage the trust relationship that is essential for successful training.

Stress behaviors in Chou dogs may be subtle and easily overlooked by inexperienced owners. Signs of stress can include excessive shedding, changes in appetite, withdrawal from family activities, or increased territorial behavior. Understanding these signals allows owners to address stress factors before they become serious behavioral problems. The breed generally responds well to consistent routines and clear expectations, which help minimize stress and anxiety.

The Chou's integration into family life requires understanding and appreciation of the breed's unique approach to relationships and social structures. Unlike breeds that openly display affection and seek constant attention, the Chou forms deep, lasting bonds with family members while maintaining their characteristic dignity and independence. These dogs are often described as cat-like in their affection, choosing when and how to interact rather than being constantly available for attention.

Within the family structure, Chou dogs typically establish clear preferences and hierarchies. They often choose one family member as their primary person, though they remain loyal and protective of all family members. This special bond usually develops with the person who provides consistent care, training, and respect for the dog's individual personality. The chosen person may receive more open displays of affection, while other family members experience the dog's loyalty and protection in more subtle ways.

The breed's interaction with children in the family requires careful management and education on both sides. Chou dogs can be wonderful family companions when children understand and respect the dog's need for personal space and quiet time. These dogs rarely tolerate rough handling, pulling, or the high-energy chaos that young children often create. However, they can form remarkably strong bonds with children who treat them with kindness and respect their boundaries.

Teaching children appropriate behavior around the family Chou is essential for developing positive relationships. Children should learn to approach the dog calmly, avoid disturbing the dog during rest periods, and understand that the Chou may not always want to play or be petted. When these boundaries are respected, many Chou dogs become gentle, protective companions who watch over children and alert parents to potential dangers.

The breed's protective instincts create interesting dynamics within family settings. Chou dogs often position themselves strategically throughout the home to maintain visual contact with family members and monitor access points. They may follow family members from room to room, not out of neediness but from a desire to maintain their guardian role. This behavior can be comforting to families who appreciate having a natural protector in their home.

Introducing a Chou to an existing family with other pets requires patience and careful planning. These dogs can learn to coexist peacefully with other animals, but they typically prefer to establish clear boundaries and may not engage in the social play that other breeds enjoy. They often do better with cats than with other dogs, particularly if the cat was present in the household first and the Chou puppy learns to respect the cat's established territory.

The breed's daily routine preferences can significantly impact family schedules and activities. Chou dogs thrive on consistency and may become stressed or difficult if their routine is frequently disrupted. Families need to establish regular feeding times, exercise periods, and quiet times that accommodate the dog's needs. Many Chou dogs establish their own routines, such as morning patrol walks around the property or evening positioning near family gathering areas.

Holiday and special event management requires consideration of the Chou's temperament and stress tolerance. These dogs may find large gatherings, loud noises, and disrupted routines stressful. Successful families learn to provide quiet retreat spaces for their Chou during parties or celebrations and may limit the dog's exposure to unfamiliar guests until proper introductions can be made.

The breed's grooming needs can become a positive family activity when approached correctly. Many Chou dogs enjoy gentle brushing sessions, particularly when started as puppies. Family members can take turns with different aspects of grooming care, helping to strengthen bonds while maintaining the dog's coat and health. However, grooming should always be approached with patience and respect for the dog's comfort level.

Travel and vacation planning often requires special consideration when a Chou is part of the family. These dogs may experience stress when removed from their familiar environment and routine. Some families find that their Chou does better staying in familiar surroundings with trusted caretakers rather than traveling to new locations. Others successfully travel with their Chou by maintaining consistent routines and gradually acclimating the dog to travel experiences.

The aging process in Chou dogs can bring changes to family dynamics as these dogs may become more selective about interactions and require additional comfort and care. Senior Chou dogs often become even more devoted to their families while requiring more predictable routines and gentle handling. Families who understand and accommodate these changing needs often find that their bond with their Chou deepens over time, creating relationships that last well into the dog's senior years.

The Chou breed, while generally robust and hardy, faces several health challenges that potential owners should understand and responsible breeders should address through careful screening and breeding practices. As with many purebred dogs, certain genetic conditions occur with higher frequency in the Chou population, making health testing and preventive care essential components of responsible ownership and breeding.

The breed's distinctive physical characteristics, while defining breed type, can also predispose individuals to specific health concerns. The Chou's unique rear leg angulation, dense coat, and facial structure each contribute to potential health considerations that owners and veterinarians must monitor throughout the dog's life. Understanding these breed-specific health issues allows for early detection, appropriate treatment, and improved quality of life for affected dogs.

Hip dysplasia represents one of the most significant orthopedic concerns in the Chou breed. This genetic condition affects the development of the hip joint, leading to malformation that can cause pain, lameness, and arthritis as the dog ages. The condition can range from mild cases that cause minimal discomfort to severe cases requiring surgical intervention. Responsible breeders screen breeding animals through radiographic evaluation and only use dogs with acceptable hip scores in their breeding programs.

Elbow dysplasia is another orthopedic condition that affects the Chou breed with concerning frequency. This condition involves abnormal development of the elbow joint and can cause forelimb lameness and pain. Like hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia can be detected through radiographic screening, and breeding programs should include evaluation of potential breeding animals for this condition.

Eye conditions pose significant health concerns for the Chou breed, with several hereditary eye diseases occurring in the population. Entropion, a condition where the eyelid rolls inward causing the eyelashes to irritate the cornea, is particularly common in the breed. This condition can cause considerable discomfort and may lead to corneal damage if left untreated. Surgical correction is often necessary to prevent permanent eye damage.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a hereditary condition that affects the retina and can lead to progressive vision loss and eventual blindness. While not painful, this condition significantly impacts the dog's quality of life and ability to navigate their environment safely. Genetic testing is available to identify carriers and affected individuals, allowing breeders to make informed decisions about breeding pairs.

Bloat, also known as gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), represents one of the most serious emergency conditions that can affect Chou dogs. This life-threatening condition occurs when the stomach fills with gas and twists on itself, cutting off blood supply to vital organs. The condition can develop rapidly and requires immediate veterinary intervention. Deep-chested breeds like the Chou are at higher risk, and owners should be familiar with the symptoms and prevention strategies.

Thyroid disorders, particularly autoimmune thyroiditis leading to hypothyroidism, occur with increased frequency in the Chou population. This condition affects the dog's metabolism and can cause a wide range of symptoms including weight gain, lethargy, skin problems, and behavioral changes. Regular thyroid function testing allows for early detection and effective management through hormone replacement therapy.

The breed's dense double coat, while providing excellent protection from weather extremes, can also contribute to skin and coat problems if not properly maintained. Hot spots, bacterial skin infections, and fungal conditions can develop in areas where moisture becomes trapped against the skin. Regular grooming and proper coat care are essential for preventing these problems.

Preventive care plays a crucial role in maintaining Chou health throughout their lives. Regular veterinary examinations allow for early detection of developing problems and establishment of baseline health parameters. Maintaining appropriate body weight is particularly important for this breed, as excess weight can exacerbate joint problems and contribute to other health issues.

Nutrition requirements for the Chou may differ from other breeds due to their metabolism, activity level, and potential health concerns. High-quality diets appropriate for the dog's life stage, along with controlled portion sizes and regular exercise, help maintain optimal health. Some Chou dogs may benefit from joint supplements or specialized diets, particularly as they age or if they develop specific health conditions.

If you're looking to adopt a Chou, consider contacting these breed-specific rescue organizations:

"Don't Shop... Please Adopt" - There are many wonderful Chou dogs waiting for their forever homes.